SCS macrophages protect the CNS

Immune Privilege as an Intrinsic CNS Property: Astrocytes Protect the CNS against T-Cell-Mediated Neuroinflammation

Astrocytes have many functions in the central nervous system (CNS). They support differentiation and homeostasis of neurons and influence synaptic activity. They are responsible for formation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and make up the glia limitans. Here, we review their contribution to neuroimmune interactions and in particular to those induced by the invasion of activated T cells. We di...

Endotoxin and AKI: Macrophages Protect after Preconditioning.

Sepsis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients, with AKI serving as an ominous prognostic factor. According to the current literature, the pathogenesis of AKI-induced sepsis, albeit being poorly understood, is thought to be multifactorial.1 Consequently, therapeutic interventions to curtail deterioration in kidney function in the setting of sepsis have beenmost...

Glutamate metabolism in HIV-infected macrophages: implications for the CNS.

Central nervous system disorders are still a common complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and can lead to dementia and death. They are mostly the consequences of an inflammatory macrophagic activation and relate to glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. However, recent studies also suggest neuroprotective aspects of macrophage activation through the expression of glutamate tr...

New Properties of Drosophila scs and scs’ Insulators

Insulators are defined as a class of regulatory elements that delimit independent transcriptional domains within eukaryotic genomes. The first insulators to be identified were scs and scs', which flank the domain including two heat shock 70 genes. Zw5 and BEAF bind to scs and scs', respectively, and are responsible for the interaction between these insulators. Using the regulatory regions of ye...

Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS)